1. The word caliph, from the Arabic khalīfah, means:

2. How was Abū Bakr chosen as the first caliph?

3. The first four Caliphs are traditionally referred to as “rightly guided,” which in Arabic means:

4. In the decades following the death of Muhammad, Muslim armies conquered large amounts of territory that had previously belonged to which two empires?

5. Which caliph’s murder touched off the first Muslim civil war (656-661)?

6. Which caliph is credited with ordering the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem?

7. Which city was the capital of the caliphate during the Umayyad period (661-750)?

8. Where did the last surviving member of the Umayyad house set up a new dynasty after the Umayyads overthrown by the ʿAbbāsids?

9. What was the name of the Ismāʿīlī Shīʿite dynasty that rejected the authority of the ʿAbbāsid caliphs and instead declared its own caliphate in North Africa?

10. In what city were ʿAbbāsid caliphs maintained as powerless figureheads following the Mongol sack of Baghdad in 1258?