1. Who is the first authenticated physician (and dentist) mentioned by name in ancient records, active about 2650 BCE?

2. Who is the Greek physician and pharmacologist whose work De materia medica (c. 77 CE) was the foremost Classical source of modern botanical terminology and the leading pharmacological text for 16 centuries?

3. Which Roman medical writer authored an encyclopaedia, of which only the medical portion has survived, that contains important accounts of heart disease, insanity, and the use of ligatures to stop arterial bleeding?

4. Which Christian noblewoman established the first general hospital in Rome?

5. Which philosopher-scientist’s principal medical work, Al-Qānūn fī al-ṭibb (The Canon of Medicine), became a classic that was used at many medical schools as late as 1650?

6. In 1388 which king established the first sanitary laws in England, addressing offal and slaughterhouses and prohibiting the casting of animal filth and refuse into rivers or ditches and the corrupting of the air?

7. Which Spanish conquistador founded the first hospital on the North American continent?

8. Which Renaissance physician revolutionized the study of biology and the practice of medicine by his careful description of human anatomy in his major work De humani corporis fabrica libri septem (”The Seven Books on the Structure of the Human Body”)?

9. Which Italian physician wrote De re anatomica (1559; ”On Things Anatomical”), which includes original observations derived from his dissections of both living animals and human cadavers?

10. Which French physician provided in 1674 the first unambiguous description of a battlefield tourniquet used to stanch bleeding?

11. In 1667 which English physician transfused the blood of a lamb into a man?

12. In 1711 what was hailed as a treatment for tuberculosis as well as a foodstuff?

13. In 1754 who recommended that fresh citrus fruit and lemon juice be included in the diet of seamen—a practice that eventually resulted in the eradication of the nutritional disorder scurvy from the British navy?

14. In May 1796 which English surgeon discovered a vaccination for smallpox?

15. Which American surgeon is considered a founder of operative gynecology and was the first to successfully remove an ovarian tumour?

16. Which French physician invented the stethoscope and perfected the art of auditory examination of the chest cavity?

17. In 1846 which American dental surgeon gave the first successful public demonstration of ether anesthesia during surgery?

18. Which Anglo-American physician is considered the first female doctor of medicine in modern times?

19. In 1903 which Dutch physiologist developed the first string galvanometer to measure and graphically record the changes of electrical potential caused by contractions of the heart muscle?

20. Which Swiss chemist discovered the psychedelic drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which he first synthesized in 1938 by isolating compounds found in ergot (Claviceps purpurea), a fungus affecting rye?

21. Which American zoologist and student of human sexual behaviour published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953)?