1. GLOF and its impact are best described as.

2. Which layer of the atmosphere is primarily responsible for weather phenomena like heavy rainfall described in the case study of a small Himalayan town that experienced continuous rain and a massive landslide?

3. Before the monsoon in the case study, unusually high temperatures could have intensified rainfall. Which reason best supports this?

4. Assertion–Reason: Mark your answer according to the codes. Codes: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong. (d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct. Assertion (A): The outer core of the Earth is in a liquid state. Reason (R): The outer core is composed mainly of molten iron and nickel.

5. Assertion–Reason: Mark your answer according to the codes. Codes: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong. (d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct. Assertion (A): Weathering and erosion are the same processes. Reason (R): Weathering breaks rocks in situ, while erosion involves transportation of materials.

6. Assertion–Reason: Mark your answer according to the codes. Codes: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong. (d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct. Assertion (A): Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries. Reason (R): Plate movements cause stress to build up in rocks, which is released in the form of seismic waves.

7. Assertion–Reason: Mark your answer according to the codes. Codes: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong. (d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct. Assertion (A): Avalanches commonly occur in mountainous regions during winter. Reason (R): A large amount of accumulated snow becomes unstable and slides down steep slopes.

8. Which force is responsible for the formation of mountains and plateaus?

9. Which of the following is an example of an external (Exogenic) force?

10. The wearing away of the Earth's surface by natural agents is called: